A.
Apostrophe is a punctuation
mark (Tanda Baca) used to form the
possessive form (Kepemilikan), contraction (Penyingkatan), and plural (Menjamakkan).
1.
(possive form) Kepemilikan
Example:
·
the girl’s stuff = the stuff of the girl [noun owner= girl]
·
a lifetime’s trip = the trip of a lifetime [noun owner= lifetime]
Apostrophe is placed after the noun to
indicate that the noun has something. Noun owner is then immediately followed
by a noun usually has.
(Apostrophe ditempatkan setelah kata benda
untuk menunjukkan bahwa kata benda
memiliki sesuatu. Pemilik Noun kemudian segera diikuti
oleh kata benda biasanya memiliki.)
2.
Contraction (penyingkatan)
example :
I'm = I am
they'd =they had
would've
= would have
she'll = she will
Don’t = do not
let's = let us
it's = it is, it has
who's = who is
3.
If the owner is a singular noun
(although the noun ends in-s), add 's afterwards. If the owner is a plural noun
that ends in-s, add 'just afterwards. But if not ending in-s (irregular
countable noun), then add 's afterwards. 'S added after the compound noun. 's
is added after the last word in the noun which is arranged by the coordinate
conjunction and to show ownership. Indefinite pronouns can form the possessive
form by adding 's afterwards.
Example
:
·
The manager's desk,
the student's uniform,
's Bag barrel (barrel 'bag is acceptable)
the student's uniform,
's Bag barrel (barrel 'bag is acceptable)
·
Three birds' cages,
the schools' rules
the schools' rules
·
His mother-in-law's
house
·
Lesti and Tiara's room each's book,
·
Everybody's book,
one's book
Jika pemilik adalah kata benda tunggal (meskipun kata
benda berakhir di-s),
tambahkan 's sesudahnya. Jika
pemilik adalah kata benda jamak yang
berakhiran-s, tambahkan 'hanya sesudahnya. Tetapi jika tidak berakhir di-s (kata
benda yang dihitung tidak teratur), kemudian
tambahkan 's sesudahnya. 'S ditambahkan
setelah kata benda majemuk. 's ditambahkan
setelah kata terakhir dalam kata benda yang diatur
oleh hubungannya koordinat dan
untuk menunjukkan kepemilikan. Kata ganti tak
tentu dapat membentuk bentuk posesif dengan
menambahkan 's setelah itu.
4.
Apostrophe is used to form the
plural form especially in numbers or letters.
(Apostrophe digunakan untuk membentuk bentuk jamak terutama
dalam angka atau huruf).
EXAMPLE:
·
That boy found ten a’s in the
sentence. (Anak itu menemukan sepuluh huruf a di dalam kalimat.)
·
My son got four As, three Bs, and
two Cs. (Anak saya mendapat empat nilai A, tiga B, dua C.)
·
Her weight is around 110 lbs.
(Berat badannya sekitar 110 pon.)
B.
Capital
letters
·
Capital
letter used
as the first letter of the word at the beginning of the sentence.
example:
She sleepy
What does he mean?
The work was not finished.
example:
She sleepy
What does he mean?
The work was not finished.
·
Used a capital letter as the first letter excerpts directly.
example:
Sister asked, "When do we go home?"
"Yesterday you late," he said.
"Tomorrow morning," she said, "he will go".
example:
Sister asked, "When do we go home?"
"Yesterday you late," he said.
"Tomorrow morning," she said, "he will go".
·
Used a capital letter as the first letter in the phrase relating to the
name of god and scriptures, including the pronouns for God.
example:
Allah, the Almighty, Bible, Koran, Islam, thy servant, O Lord.
example:
Allah, the Almighty, Bible, Koran, Islam, thy servant, O Lord.
·
Capital letters used as the first letter of the name honors, followed by
descent and religious names.
example:
Sultan Hasanuddin, Haji Agus Salim, Prophet Ibrahim.
(*) Do not use capital letters if it is not followed by the person's name, for example
He was appointed to the sultan.
This year her pilgrimage.
example:
Sultan Hasanuddin, Haji Agus Salim, Prophet Ibrahim.
(*) Do not use capital letters if it is not followed by the person's name, for example
He was appointed to the sultan.
This year her pilgrimage.
·
Capital letters used as the first letter of
the element name followed by position and rank the person's name or used as a
substitute for the name of a specific person, agency name, or the name of the
place.
example:
Vice President Boediono, Prime Minister Nehru, Professor Smith.
(*) Do not use capital letters if it is not followed by the person's name, for example
Who is the new governor?
He was inducted into major-general.
example:
Vice President Boediono, Prime Minister Nehru, Professor Smith.
(*) Do not use capital letters if it is not followed by the person's name, for example
Who is the new governor?
He was inducted into major-general.
·
Capital letters used as the first letter of the name elements.
example:
Rudiyana, Dwi Yanti, Agus Halim. diesel engine, 10 volt, 5 ampere
example:
Rudiyana, Dwi Yanti, Agus Halim. diesel engine, 10 volt, 5 ampere
·
Capital letters used as the first letter of the name of nation,
ethnicity, and language.
example:
nation of Indonesia, Sundanese, English
example:
nation of Indonesia, Sundanese, English
·
Capital letters used as the first letter of the name of years, months,
days, holidays, and events of history.
example:
Hijri year, day of Eid, Christmas Day, in August, on Friday, Independence Day Indonesaia.
(*) Do not use capital letters in the history of the event if it is not used as a name, for example: Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed the independence of the nation.
example:
Hijri year, day of Eid, Christmas Day, in August, on Friday, Independence Day Indonesaia.
(*) Do not use capital letters in the history of the event if it is not used as a name, for example: Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed the independence of the nation.
·
Capital letters used as the first letter of
the name of geography .
example :
Cirebon , Mount Semeru , East Asia , Kali Brantas , Lombok Strait , Cape of Good Hope , Banyuwangi .
( * ) Do not use capital letters if it is not a proper name or if the element is used as a type name , for example
bathing in the river , go to the southeast , sailed into the bay , crossing the strait .
English salt , brown sugar , peanut bogor , bananas.
example :
Cirebon , Mount Semeru , East Asia , Kali Brantas , Lombok Strait , Cape of Good Hope , Banyuwangi .
( * ) Do not use capital letters if it is not a proper name or if the element is used as a type name , for example
bathing in the river , go to the southeast , sailed into the bay , crossing the strait .
English salt , brown sugar , peanut bogor , bananas.
·
Capital letters used as the first letter of the name of all the elements
of the state , government agencies and state administration , as well as
official documents except the name and the word like .
example :
Republic of Indonesia, the People's Consultative Assembly Decree of the President of the Republic of Indonesia , Ministry of Education and Culture .
( * ) Do not use capital letters if not the country name , government agencies and state administration , as well as the name of the official documents , such as
become a republic , according to applicable laws , cooperation between the government and the people
example :
Republic of Indonesia, the People's Consultative Assembly Decree of the President of the Republic of Indonesia , Ministry of Education and Culture .
( * ) Do not use capital letters if not the country name , government agencies and state administration , as well as the name of the official documents , such as
become a republic , according to applicable laws , cooperation between the government and the people
·
Used a capital letter as the first letter of each element forms the
perfect birthday present in the name of the agency , government agencies and
state administration , as well as official documents .
example :
The United Nations , the Foundation of Social Sciences , the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
example :
The United Nations , the Foundation of Social Sciences , the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
·
Capital letters used as the first letter of every word ( including all
the elements of the perfect birthday ) in the name of books , magazines ,
newspapers , and title information except in , to , from , and , which , for
that does not lie in the starting position .
example :
Read the magazine Language and Literature .
He is a newsagents Sound Development .
I read the book from Ave Maria to Another Road to Rome
example :
Read the magazine Language and Literature .
He is a newsagents Sound Development .
I read the book from Ave Maria to Another Road to Rome
·
Used a capital letter as the first letter stands for the name of the
element title , rank , and greeting .
example :
Dr. . = doctorate
M.A. = Master of arts
S.S. = Master of Arts
Prof . = professor
Tn . = host
example :
Dr. . = doctorate
M.A. = Master of arts
S.S. = Master of Arts
Prof . = professor
Tn . = host
Ny. =mistress
·
Used a capital letter as the first letter of each element forms the
perfect birthday present in the name of the agency , government agencies and
state administration , as well as official documents .
example :
The United Nations , the Foundation of Social Sciences , the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
12 . Capital letters used as the first letter of every word ( including all the elements of the perfect birthday ) in the name of books , magazines , newspapers , and title information except in , to , from , and , which , for that does not lie in the starting position .
example :
Read the magazine Language and Literature .
He is a newsagents Sound Development .
I read the book from Ave Maria to Another Road to Rome
example :
The United Nations , the Foundation of Social Sciences , the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
12 . Capital letters used as the first letter of every word ( including all the elements of the perfect birthday ) in the name of books , magazines , newspapers , and title information except in , to , from , and , which , for that does not lie in the starting position .
example :
Read the magazine Language and Literature .
He is a newsagents Sound Development .
I read the book from Ave Maria to Another Road to Rome
·
Used a capital letter as the first letter stands for the name of the
element title , rank , and greeting .
example :
Dr. . = doctorate
M.A. = Master of arts
S.S. = Master of Arts
Prof . = professor
Tn . = host
example :
Dr. . = doctorate
M.A. = Master of arts
S.S. = Master of Arts
Prof . = professor
Tn . = host
Ny. =mistress
·
Capital letters used as the first letter of the word pointer kinship as
father , mother , brother , sister, brother , and uncle who accost and used in
this reference .
example :
I have received your letter .
They went to the house of Mr. Head .
The mother visited Mrs. Hasan .
Sister asked , " It 's okay, Mom ? "
" When Dad left ? " Said Harto .
( * ) Do not use capital letters in this reference or otherwise accost ,
example :
I have received your letter .
They went to the house of Mr. Head .
The mother visited Mrs. Hasan .
Sister asked , " It 's okay, Mom ? "
" When Dad left ? " Said Harto .
( * ) Do not use capital letters in this reference or otherwise accost ,
for example:
We must honor our father and mother .
All my brother and sister are married .
We must honor our father and mother .
All my brother and sister are married .
·
Capital letters used as the first letter of your pronouns .
example :
Have you figured out ?
We have received your letter .
example :
Have you figured out ?
We have received your letter .
C.
Comma
·
Comma
is used
to separate a list.
Example : My favorite animals
are rabbits, cats, and birds.
·
Comma is also used between
the date and the year.
Example : It was December 24,
2001.
·
Comma is also used to show a pause in a
sentence.
Example
: Therefore, we should write a letter to our headmaster.
·
Commas can be used around additional information.
Example : Emily Carr, who
was born in 1871, was a great painter.
·
A comma is generally used between a reporting expression (said, told...)
and a piece of direct speech
Example : She said, “I can come in your party."
·
Commas can be used after an adverb or adverbial
phrase or clause which opens a sentence.
Example : Slowly,
the door opened.
·
A comma comes before the conjunction that compounds independent clauses.
Example : She finished her work, and then she went to
bed.
D.
Semi Colon
·
Use a semicolon in lists if commas have been used.
Example : The participants are from Teluk
Betung, Bandar Lampung; Cikerai, Cilegon; and Sadang Serang.
·
Semi-colons can be used to join clauses in a
sentence. Sometimes they take the place of connectives.
Example : John likes banana and Sam loves apple.
John likes banana; Sam loves apple.
·
Semi
Colon can
separate main clauses joined by conjunctive adverbs such as however, therefore, moreover, nevertheless, then, thus. This applies
even when the conjunctive adverb is moved.
Example : Ernest Hemingway was
a master of style; however, opinions about his work vary widely.
Ernest
Hemingway was a master of style; opinions about his work, however, vary widely.
E.
Colon
·
Use a colon to introduce a list of things.
Example
: There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defences, and forward.
·
Colon
is also used for time.
Example : 11:35 pm
·
Colon
is used to
direct attention to a brief summary, a quotation or direct speech
Example : All her thoughts were
centred on one objective: freedom.
POLONIUS:
What do you read, my lord?
·
Americans usually put a colon after the opening salutation in a business
letter
Example :
Dear Mr. Callan:
I am writing to...
F.
Explamation Point
Yaitu tanda baca seru yang berupa seruan/perintah yang menggambarkan
kesungguhan,rasa tidak percaya dan rasa emosi yang kuat.
If the following sentences seem to express strong emotion put an
exclamation mark after them. If not put a full stop.
Example:
v Open the door !
v Listen
to me !
v Let’s go
to canteen !
v Follow
me !
v Let’s do
it !
v Etc
Fungsi :
·
Sebagai
pengganti tanda titik pada akhir kalimat yang mengungkapkan rasa
emosi,terkejut,dll. ex: I don’t believe it !
·
Untuk
mengungkapkan rasa sindiran,humor,dll. ex : That was clever ! What a life !
G.
Question Mark
Yaitu
tanda yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan rasa penasaran/ingin tahu tentang
sesuatu.
If the sentences which follow are questions, put a question mark after
them. If not put a full stop.
Yaitu
it use at the and of a dirrect question. it use to express question sentence or
to know about something.
atage
question ia s device used to trun a statement into a question,it nearly always
consis of a pronoun,a helping verb and somethimes the word not although it
begins a statement,the taq question pre file when it comes to the end mark use
a question mark.
Example:
ü What is your name?
ü What is
your homework?
ü Where do
you life?
ü Are you
ready?
ü Why you like his?
ü Exc
